Peer-reviewed climate
science for infrastructure
and investment intelligence
What Is Climate Attribution?
Climate attribution estimates how human-caused warming alters the probability or intensity of an extreme event class by comparing the observed world with a counterfactual world. A key distinction is...
How Climate Risk Intelligence™ Differs From Hazard Mapping
Direct Answer Hazard mapping identifies where climate hazards may occur. Climate Risk Intelligence™ goes further by linking hazards to asset exposure, vulnerability, timing, dependencies, financial...
How Climate Science Becomes Financial Risk Intelligence
Direct Answer Climate science becomes financial risk intelligence when hazard projections are linked to asset exposure, vulnerability, operating sensitivity, business interruption, insurance...
Why Raw Climate Models Are Not Sufficient For Asset-Level Risk
Direct Answer Raw climate models are essential scientific inputs, but are insufficient for asset-level risk assessment. A model does not understand a facility's elevation, a roof's age, a site's...
What Is Reanalysis Data?
Direct Answer Reanalysis data combines historical observations with weather and climate models to produce consistent, gridded records of past atmospheric, land, ocean, and climate conditions. It is...
What Is Bias Correction In Climate Modeling?
Direct Answer Bias correction adjusts climate model outputs to reduce systematic differences between modeled and observed historical climate. It can improve practical usability for impact analysis,...
What Is Climate Model Uncertainty?
Direct Answer Climate model uncertainty is the range of possible outcomes created by scenario choices, model structure, internal climate variability, data limitations, downscaling, vulnerability...
What Is A Multi-Model Ensemble?
Direct Answer A multi-model ensemble is a collection of climate model simulations used to compare possible climate outcomes across models, assumptions, and sources of uncertainty. Rather than...
What Are SSP Climate Scenarios?
Direct Answer Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) are structured scenarios used to compare plausible future climate conditions. They are not predictions. Their value lies in helping decision-makers...
What Is CMIP6?
Direct Answer CMIP6, the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6, is a coordinated international framework for running, comparing, documenting, and distributing climate model simulations. It...
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physical and financial impacts of future weather and climate extremes
on your infrastructure assets, capital programs, and investment portfolios.