Peer-reviewed climate
science for infrastructure
and investment intelligence
What Is Climate Attribution?
Climate attribution estimates how human-caused warming alters the probability or intensity of an extreme event class by comparing the observed world with a counterfactual world. A key distinction is...
What Is Climate Model Uncertainty?
Direct Answer Climate model uncertainty is the range of possible outcomes created by scenario choices, model structure, internal climate variability, data limitations, downscaling, vulnerability...
What Is A Multi-Model Ensemble?
Direct Answer A multi-model ensemble is a collection of climate model simulations used to compare possible climate outcomes across models, assumptions, and sources of uncertainty. Rather than...
What Are SSP Climate Scenarios?
Direct Answer Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) are structured scenarios used to compare plausible future climate conditions. They are not predictions. Their value lies in helping decision-makers...
What Is CMIP6?
Direct Answer CMIP6, the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6, is a coordinated international framework for running, comparing, documenting, and distributing climate model simulations. It...
What Is Temporal Climate Downscaling And Downsampling?
Direct Answer Temporal climate downscaling and downsampling translate climate information across time scales relevant to infrastructure, operations, and capital planning. Annual averages can obscure...
What Is Spatial Climate Downscaling?
Direct Answer Spatial climate downscaling translates broad climate model outputs into more localized climate risk information for regions, cities, watersheds, corridors, and assets. It helps bridge...
What Is A Climate Meta-Model?
Direct Answer A climate meta-model is a higher-level analytical model that synthesizes climate models, datasets, hazards, scenarios, and uncertainty ranges into a more usable decision framework. In...
What Is Climate Model Aggregation?
Direct Answer Climate model aggregation synthesizes evidence from multiple global, regional, and specialized climate models rather than treating a single projection as definitive. The goal is not to...
How Earth Observation Makes Climate Adaptation Measurable
Direct Answer Earth observation makes climate adaptation more measurable by providing repeated, standardized evidence of physical change through time. Satellite and geospatial systems are strongest...
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physical and financial impacts of future weather and climate extremes
on your infrastructure assets, capital programs, and investment portfolios.